M.Sc. Chemistry (Previous)

M.Sc. Previous
(First Year)

There shall be four theory papers each of 100 marks and four practical papers of 50 marks each.

THEORY
Paper No.                   Title of the Paper                                                      Marks
Paper-I                        Maths and Physical Chemistry                                    100 Marks
Paper-II                       Organic Chemistry                                                    100 Marks
Paper-III                     Inorganic Chemistry                                                   100 Marks
Paper-IV                     Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry/Applied Chemistry 100 Marks

PRACTICALS
Practical No.                         Title of the Practical                                      Marks
Practical-I                                Physical Chemistry                                         50 Marks
Practical-II                              Organic Chemistry                                          50 Marks
Practical-III                             Inorganic Chemistry                                       50 Marks
Practical-IV                             Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry/Applied Chemistry     50 Marks

Total Marks                                                                            600 Marks
Paper-I:          MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTS/PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Marks: 100
Maths:                         25 Marks
Physical Chemistry:    75 Marks
Theory
MATHEMATICS FOR CHEMISTS:

Large and small numbers, exponents and radicals.
Functions and their graphs.
Permutations and combinations.
Binomial theorem.
Trigonometric functions, graphs of logarithmic and trigonometric functions.
Differential calculus; rules for differentiations, graphical significance of differentiation, successive differentiation, partial differentiation, solution of the problems of differential calculus found in the physical chemistry text book.
Integral calculus; theory, rules, integration between limits, integration by partial fractions, solution of the problems of integral calculus found in physical chemistry text book.
Infinite series, Maclaurin series, Taylor series, Fourier series.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases: The kinetic molecular gas model, the pressure of a gas, kinetic energies and temperature, numerical values for molecular energies and molecular speeds, Maxwell-Boltzmann law distribution of molecular velocities in one dimension and three dimensions, the mean free path, collision diameter and collision numbers, viscosity, theory of non-ideal behavior, Vander Wall’s equation and the critical point law of corresponding state.

Energies of Molecules: Categories of thermal energies of molecules of gases, the translational energies of a molecule of an ideal gas, the allowed rotational energies of molecules of a gas, the vibrational energies of gas phase molecules. Electronic states of molecules, the partition function, three dimensional energy due to translational motion of a mole of gas, thermal energy due to rotational motion of the molecules of a gas, thermal energies due to vibration motion of molecules.
Atomic Structure: Nature of light, atomic spectra, the wave nature of particle, wave nature of particles, wave mechanics and the Schrodinger equation, a one dimensional illustration of the Schrodinger equation, a particle in one dimensional square potential well. A three dimensional illustration of the schrodinger equation, the cubic potential well problem, the use of angular momentum to impose quantum restrictions.
Thermodynamics: First, second and third law of thermodynamics, their importance and applications, various thermodynamic functions and their relation with each other, experimental measurements, partial molal quantities and their determination, Free energy and equilibrium constant, Clausius-Clapeyron equation, Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Chemical reactions, rates equations for first , second and third order. Rate of gas phase reactions. Gas-phase collisions between molecules of different types. Nature, life time and reaction of gas-phase, free-radical intermediates, reaction mechanisms and rate laws, the stationary state method.
Surface Chemistry: Adsorption in general, components of adsorption-adsorbate and adsorbent, types of adsorbate and adsorbents, types of adsorption, Adsorption kinetics, applications of adsorption of kinetics in physical chemistry, derivation of thermodynamic parameters from adsorption kinetics, Adsorption isotherm in general, Freundlich’s and Langmuir’s adsorption isotherms-derivations and applications, mechanism of adsorption, Factors affecting adsorption, Heterogeneous catalysis.
Electrochemistry: Conductance in solutions, Derivation of Debye-Huckel and Onsager equation of conductance. Debye-Huckel limiting law for strong electrolytes, its derivation and applications, activity coefficient and their uses.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS (THEORY)

Alberty, R. A., Robert J.S. and Moungi G. B. “Physical Chemistry”. 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons (2004).
Aston J.G. and Fritz J.J. “Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics” John-Wiley, New York (1987).
Atkins, P.W. “Physical Chemistry” 6th ed., W.H. Freeman and Co. New York (1998).
Bansal, R.C.; Donnet, J. B.; Stoeckli, F.; Active Carbon, Marcel Decker, New York, 1988.
Barrow G.M. “Physical Chemistry” 5th ed., McGraw Hill (1992).
Berry R. S., Stuart A.R., and Roses J. “Physical and Chemical Kinetics” 2nd ed., Oxford University Press (2000).
Bockris J.O.M. and Reddy A.K.N. “Modern Electrochemistry” Vol-I and II, 4th ed. Plenum Press, London (2003).
Brain S.E. “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 4th ed., E.L.B.S. Publishers (1990).
Chorkendorff, I. and Niemantsverdriet, J.W. “Concept of Modern Catalysis and Kinetics” 1st ed., John Wiley and Sons (2003).
Engel, Thomas and .Reid p., “Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, and Kinetics” 1st ed., Benjamin Cummings (2006).
Espenson, J. H. “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism” 2nd ed., McGraw Hill (2002).
Frost A.A. and Pearson R.G. “Kinetic and Mechanism” 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York (1961).
Gasser R.P.H. and Richards W.G. “Entropy and Energy Levels” Oxford University Press (1974).
Graybal J.D. “Molecular Spectroscopy”, New York, McGraw-Hill (1988).
Griffiths, David J., “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics” 2nd ed. Prentice Hall (2004).
Hayward, David O. “Quantum Mechanics for Chemists” 1st ed. John Wiley (2003).
House, James E., “Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics” 2nd ed., Elsevier-Academic Press (2003).
Laidler K.J. “Chemical Kinetics” 3rd ed. Pearson Education Company, New York (1987).
Laidler, K. L. “Chemical kinetics”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Micheal D.F. “Elements of Quantum Mechanics” Oxford University Press (2005).
Peter P.A. “Chemical Thermodynamics” Oxford University Press (1983).
Ravue, “Principles of Polymer Chemistry” 2nd ed. Plenum Publishers (2000).
Smith, E. Brain, “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 5th ed., Imperial College Press (2004).
Wayatt P.A.H. “The Molecular Basis of Entropy and Chemical Equilibrium” Royal Institute of Chemistry London (1971).
Whiffen D. H. “Spectroscopy” Longmans Green and Co.: London, (1966).

Practicals-I PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Marks: 50

Adsorption of organic compounds on the given samples and evaluation of thermodynamic parameters.
Determination of specific rate constant and activation energies for 1st order reaction and evaluation of thermodynamic parameters.
Determination of Refractive Index of binary mixture by Refractometry method.
Conductance measurement of different samples.
Conductometric titrations.
Buffer solution and pH measurement.
Potentiometric titrations.
Measurement of standard e.m.f of a cell.
Determination of equilibrium constant from emf measurement.
Molecular weight determination by cryoscopic method.
Molecular weight determination by ebullioscopic method.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS (PRACTICALS)

Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th ed. (1978).
Daniel, F., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill (1962).
David P. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5th ed. (1989).
Helpern Arthur M., “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory Textbook” 2nd ed., Prentice Hall (1997).
Jaffar M. “Experimental Physical Chemistry” University Grants Commission (1989).
James A.M. and Prichard F.E. “Practical Physical Chemistry” 3rd ed. Longman (1974).
Shoemaker D. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5th ed., McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited (1989).
Shoemaker D.P., Garland C.W. and Nibler J.W. “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hills, New York (1989).

Paper-II: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Marks: 100

THEORY

Nomenclature and Literature of Organic Chemistry.
A Brief Introduction to Chromatographic Methods: Column, Paper and thin layer chromatography, paper electrophoresis, Gas-liquid chromatography. HPLC (basic introduction), counter current chromatography
Chemical Bonding in Organic Chemistry: Localized chemical bonding VSEPR theory, VBT, de-localized chemical bonding MOT, inductive effect aromaticity, resonance, hyper-conjugation, tautomerism.
Stereochemistry: Optical isomerism and optical activity, geometrical isomerism, conformational analysis. Homo topic heterotopic Legends, pro chiral centers, re feces si faces
Organic Acid and Bases.
Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Mechanisms and methods of determining them, effect of structure on reactivity, aliphatic nucleophilic substitution, aromatic electrophilic substitution, elimination reactions. Free redical mechanism electrophillic and nuclephilc addition. Metathesis reaction mechanism with special refrence to olefine metathesis
An Elementary Introduction to Spectral Method of Analysis. I.R, UV, NMR and Mass spectrometry.

Practicals-II ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Marks: 50

Laboratory Basic Techniques:

Determination of boiling points of organic liquids by simple distillation, determination of melting points of organic compounds, recrystallization of the crude organic compounds.

Organic Synthesis:
Synthesis of nitrobenzene from benzene and nitration mixture.
Synthesis of dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene (using the previous step).
Synthesis of benzoin from banzaldehyde (Benzoin condensation).
Synthesis of benzol from the crude benzoin (using the previous step).
Synthesis of benzylic acid from benzoin (using the previous step).

3. Chromatographic Techniques:

Separation of ink by ascending paper chromatography.
Separation of ink pigments by ascending paper chromatography.
Separation of amino acids by ascending paper chromatography.
Separation of amino acids by descending paper chromatography.
Separation of amino acids by T.L.C.

4. Organic Compounds Analysis
To analyze the organic compounds (Analysis of at least three known and three unknown compounds)

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Atta-ur-Rehman, “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy”, UGC, Islamabad.
Bailey Jr., P. S. and Bailey, C. A., “Organic Chemistry-A Brief Survey of Concepts and Applications”, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Bansal, R. K., “Organic Reaction Mechanisms”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
Braithwaite A., and F. Y Smith, “Chromatographic Methods”, Chapman & London, (1985).
Bruckner, R., “Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanisms”, Harcourt Science & Technology Company, New York.
Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and Synthesis”, Plenum Press, New York.
Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
Silverstein, R. N., Barrler, G. C. and Morrill, T. C., “Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Streitwieser Jr., A. and Heathcock, C.H., “Introduction to Organic Chemistry”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.
Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
Vishnoi, N. K., “Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry”, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Vogel, A. I., “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry Part 3:Quantitative Organic Analysis”, Longman, London.
Wade Jr., L. J., “Organic Chemistry”, Pearson Education, Delhi.
Williams D. H. and Fleming, I., “Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry”, Athlone Press, London.

Paper-III:                               INORGANIC CHEMISTRY                      Marks: 100
Theory
1.         Electron Configuration and Atomic Spectra:
The four quantum numbers and their significance, the Aufbau Principle, many electron atoms. Russell Saunders coupling, J. J. Coupling schemes. Terms and Terms symbols, Terms symbols and their applications to the interpretation of spectra.
2.         Coordination Compounds:
Applications of various theories of chemical bonding to coordination compounds (VBT, CFT, MOT), thermodynamics, kinetics, magnetic and spectral properties.
3.         Accepter Complexes:
Chemistry and structure of the carbonyls and their derivatives, cyclopentadienyl, nitrosyls, halids and hybrids of transition metals with reference to theories of bonding.
4.         Electron Transfer Processes:
a) Acids and bases, soft and hard acid and base concept, detailed treatment and applications in chemistry, acid base catalysis, heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis.
b) Redox reations, redox potentials, redox indicators, relationship between acid base behavior and oxidation reduction reactions.
5.         Non-Aqueous Solvents:
Classification of solvents, types of reaction of solvents, effect of physical and chemical properties of solvents, pH treatments in non-aqueous media, chelation in non-aqueous media, detailed study of liquid ammonia, liquid SO2, and liquid HF.
6.         Chemistry of F-Block Elements:
(a) Lanthanides, position in the periodic table, general characteristics, occurrence, extraction and general principles and separation.
(b) Actinides, electronic structure and position in the periodic table, general characteristics, nuclear reactions.

Practicals-III INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Marks: 50

Semimicro qualitative analysis of an inorganic mixture containing 6 radicals including interfering and insolubles.
Preparation of at least six inorganic compounds in pure state using different techniques of syntheses such as substitution, oxidation reduction etc.
Estimation of the following applying volumetric and gravimetric techniques.

i) Ca2+       and      Mg2+
ii) Fe2+      and      Al3+
iii) Cu2+       and      Ni2+
i) Cu2+       and      Zn2+
4.         Separation of cations by ion exchange chromatography.

RECOMMEDED BOOKS

Clyde Day, M. & Selbin, J., “Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., Van Nustrand Reinhold, 1969.
Shriver, D. F., Atkins, P. W. and Langford, C. H., “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 1994.
Bassette, J., Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society, 4th Edition, 1981.
Vogel, A. I., “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis” Longman Green & Co. 1995.
Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G. and Gaus, P. L., “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”, 3rd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1995.
Atkins, P. and Jones, L., “Chemicals Principles” Freeman & Company, 2002.
F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”, 6th Ed., Wiley-Intersceince, New York, 1999.
Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C. A. and Bochmann. M., “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”, 6th Ed., Wiley-Intersceince, New York, 1999.
Harvey, B.G. “Nuclear Physics and Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1990.

Paper IV: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Marks: 100
Theory

Fundamental Concepts of Analytical Chemistry: Solutions preparation, electrolytes, chemical units, stiochiometric relationships

Theory of Errors: Accuracy, precision and their presentation, error and its types and their manipulation, significant figures,

The Law of Mass Action and Its Applications: Weak electrolytes, weak acids/bases, complex formation, buffer solutions, buffer capacity, Handerson Hasselbalch equation, activity coefficients and its calculation, hydrolysis of salts and pH calculations,

Gravimetric Analysis: Solubility of precipitates, formation and particle size of precipitates, co-precipitation and post-precipitates, quantitative separations,

Theory of Indicators: Acid/Base, Redox and adsorption theory of Indicators

Theory of Volumetric analysis: Titrimetry, acid/base titrations, precipitation analysis, complex formation titration, oxidation reduction titrations,

Absorption Spectroscopy: Bea-Lambert;s Law, applications and its limitations, IR, UV and Visible spectroscopy,

Electrometric Methods: Polarography, conductometry, potentiometry, amperometry, coulometry and electrogravimetry

Sampling:

Practicals-IV: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Marks: 50

Acid base titrations
Redox titrations
Complexometric titrations
Precipitation titration
Potentiomtric titrations
Conductometric titrations
Verification of Bear Lambert Law (absorption spectroscopy)
Flame photometry of alkali and alkaline metals
Column and paper chromatography
Ion exchange separation of metal ions in simple systems

Other experiments will be based on the available facilities

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

Analytical Chemistry by Gary D. Christian; 6th ed. 2004; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, “Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry” 8th ed. 2003; Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Hobert H.Willard D.L. Merrit & J.R.J.A. Dean, Frank A. Settle; 7th Sub edition 1988; Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Laboratory Manual of Analytical Chemistry by C. Reilly; Allyn and Bacon, London.
Quantitative Analysis by W. J. Blaedal and V. W. Medloche; Harper & Row, N.Y.
J.G. Dick, Analytical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, Tokyo.

Paper-IV: APPLIED CHEMISTRY Marks: 100
Theory

Unit operations: Crushing, grinding, size separation, filtration, evaporation and distillation (mathematical treatment excluded).
Fuels: Natural gas purification, manufacture and synthesis of producer gas, carbonization of coal, fractional distillation of crude petroleum, refining of petroleum fractions.
Water purification and softening of water
Sugar industries
Paper and pulp industries
Fats, oil, and soap industries
Leather industries
Fermentation industries
Fertilizer industries
Cement and glass industries

Practicals-IV: APPLIED CHEMISTRY Marks: 50
Chemical examination of

Water
Fertilizer
Brass
Bronz
Steel
Cement
Soap
Coal

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

Badger L.W. and T.J. Banchero. (1955) “Introduction to Chemical Engineering” Student ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New york.
Riegel, E.R. (1956).” Industrial Chemistry” 5 th ed. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
R. N. Shreve, The chemical process industries, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Vogel, I. A.,Text Book Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 7rd Ed., Longman, Green and Co. Ltd. UK (1961) and (1978).
E D Mahin, Chemical analysis McGraw-Hill Book Company, New york.
G.H.Jenkins, Intoduction to Sugarcane Technology (1965).
Howard L. White, Introduction to Industrial Chemistry (1992).
P. F. Stanbury & A. Whitaker, Principles of fermentation Technology, (1987).
G. C. Bye., Portland Cement, (1983).
We Worral, Clays, (1968).
Academy of Science USSR, The Structure of glass, (1953).
G. O. Jones, Glass, 2nd Ed., (1971).

Paper-IV: BIOCHEMISTRY Marks: 100
Theory
Introductory Biochemistry:

Physical principles of biochemistry, cell structure and its functions.
Chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids, and their biological significances.
A brief introduction to the nature of enzymes and co-enzymes.
A discussion of the occurrence, chemistry, metabolism and physiological functions, deficiency symptoms and requirements of vitamins A, B Complex, C,D,E, and K.
Introduction to intermediary metabolism.
Biological oxidations reductions including respiratory carrier and oxidative phosphorylation.
Digestion and absorption of food
Metabolism:

i).         Carbohydrates; transport of sugars into cells, glycolysis, HMP pathway and its significance, citric acid cycle. Gluconeogenesis. Photosynthesis.
ii).        Lipids; knops oxidation theory, fatty acid catabolism, biosynthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols and bile acids, formation and metabolism of ketones bodies.
iii).      Proteins and amino acids; decarboxlyaton, transamination, and deamination reactions, urea cycle, creatine and uric acid synthesis, biosynthesis of proteins, inter relationship between carbohydrates, lipids and protein metabolism.

Practicals-IV:                                    BIOCHEMISTRY                            Marks: 50

Study of cell structure under light microscope.
Qualitative test for carbohydrates; distinction between pentoses and hexoses, aldoshexoses and ketohexoses, reducing and non-reducing sugar and mono and disaccharides. Estimation of reducing sugars, specific oxidation of sugar by periodate, preparation of glycogen from liver, acid and enzymic hydrolysis of polysaccharides, estimation of glucose in a mixture of monosaccharides
Test for fats, sterols and phosphorlipids, estimation of cholesterol
Hydrolysis of proteins and qualitative tests for amino acid estimation of proteins by Biuret, Folin-Ciocalteau and Kjedahl’s methods. Fractionation of proteins by precipitation with salt and organic solvents. Preparation and properties of cytochrome C. Determination of free amino group of proteins, sequence determination of tripeptides.
Estimation of ascorbic acid, vitamin A and D.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

Lehninger, A. L, “Principles of Biochemistry”, Worth Publisher, New York, (2001).
Voet, D. and Voit J. G., “Biochemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (2000).
Murray, R. K., Mayes P. A., Granner, D. K. and Rodwell, V. W., Harper’s Biochemistry”, Appleton & Lange (2000).
Robert, Harper’s Biochemistry”, 25th Ed, (2000).
West, Text Book of Biochemistry”, 4th Ed., (2000).
Zubay, G., Biochemistry, 4th Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co. (1999).
Bhagavan. N. V., Biochemistry, 2nd Ed., J.B. Lippincott Company (1978)
Smith, E.L., R.L. Hill, I.R. Lehman, R.J. Lefkowitz, P. Handler, and A. White. Principles of Biochemsitry (Mammalian Biochemistry) McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
Gowenlock, A. H., Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry, 6th Ed., Heinemann Professional Publishing, Oxford (1988).
Sawhney, S. K. and R. Sing (Editors), Introductory Practical Biochemistry, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, (2005).
Gosling, J. P., Immunoassay: Laboratory Analysis and Clinical application (1994).