B.Sc. Chemistry (2 years)

3rd Year - Paper A - General Chemistry - (Marks: 30)

1. Nature of Chemical Bonds
   MOT, Hybridization, Localized and delocalized molecular orbitals, bond angles, bond length, bond energy, inductive effect.
   Resonance; Resonance effect, rules for resonance, resonance energy, resonance and dipole moment, hyperconjugation, steric effect, solvent effect, hydrogen bonding, acids and bases.
2. Periodic Classification of the Elements
   Periodic classification of the elements based on electronic configuration, development of periodic law, the long form of periodic table, electronic basis for the periodic classification, sililarities of the elements. Modern trends in the periodic table. The type of elements. Periodicity of properties-atomic radii, ionization potentials, electron affinities, elctronegativities, Effective nuclear charge, Electrode potentials and electro-chemical characters.
3. Chemical Bonding
   Historical development, types of chemical bonds, ionic covalent and co-ordinate bonds with their respective properties. Born-haber cycle with example. Multiple bonds with reference to inorganic molecules. Hybridization and directional bonding. Three centered bond, vander Waal’s forces etc. MOT and its application to inorganic molecules. Comparision of the above two theories. Theories of hydrogen and metallic bonding.
4. Solutions
   Ideal solutions (Roults law), non-ideal solutions, Henr’s law, colligatives properties such as lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling points, depression of freezing points, osmotic pressure (with reference to thermodynamic treatment), solubility and heat of solution.
5. Biologically important organic compounds
   An introduction to the study of carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids and fats with special reference to their classification, nomenclature, important reaction and functions.
6. Industrial Organic Chemistry
   Chemicals from coal tar petroleum, industrial gases, polymers.
7. Application of chemistry in industry:

1. Study of the metallurgies of the following:
2. Aluminum
3. Copper
4. Iron and steel
5. Study of the following chemical industries:
   1. Sodium Carbonate
   2. Ammonia
   3. Nitric Acids
   4. Sulphuric Acid
   5. Glass
   6. Cement
   7. Fertilizers.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. G. Nabi, M.N. Akhtar and B.A Khokhar, “Physical Chemistry for B.Sc Students” Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
2. M. Z. Iqbal, “Inorganic Chemistry for B.Sc Students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
3. M.Younas and A.Rahman, “A Text book of Organic Chemistry for B.Sc Students” Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
4. A. L, Lehninger, “Principles of Biochemistry”, Worth Publisher, New York, (2001).
5. D. Voet, and J. G., Voit “Biochemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (2000).
6. R. K., Murray, P. A., Mayes, D. K. Granner, and V. W., Rodwell, Harper’s Biochemistry”, Appleton & Lange (2000).
7. Robert, Harper’s Biochemistry”, 25th Ed, (2000).
8. West, Text Book of Biochemistry”, 4th Ed., (2000).
9. G. T. Auston., “Shreve's, Chemical Process Industries”, 5th Edition., McGraw Hill Book Company Inc. New York, (1984).
10. E. R., Riegel, “Industrial Chemistry”, 5th Ed., Reinhold Publishing Corporation NewYork, (1997).

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3rd Year - Paper B - Physical Chemistry - (Marks: 30)

1. STATES OF MATTER
   
   Gases: Kinetic molecular theory of gases and derivation of gas laws, Non-ideal behaviour of gases, Vander Waal equation, the critical temperature and liquefaction of gases, heat capacities of gases. Law of equi-proportion of energy, Mean free path, collision diameter and collision number.
   Liquids: Vapour pressure, viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, dipole moment and their measurements.
   Colloids: The cystal System, the properties of crystals, The Bragg’s methods of cystal analysis. X-ray analysis of sodium Chlorides. The powder method of crystal analysis. Heat capacities of solids. Colloids and their properties.
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
   Corpuscular properties of radiation (photo electric effect and Compton effect). De-Broglie’s equation, Atomic spectrum of hydrogen, Bohr’s atomic model and its success in explaining the spectrum of hydrogen. Brief description of Schrodinger wave equation and its application to the hydrogen atom. Electron energy levels and different quantum numbers. Pauli’s exclusion principle. Formation of covalent bond by quantum mechanical treatment (hydrogen molecule and other simple diatomic molecules).
3. CHEMICAL KINETICS:
   Rat law and its determination by various methods. Order of reaction and molecularity, derivation of rate equation of 1st and 2nd order reaction. Activation energy and its determination. Collision theory of uni and bi-molecular reactions
4. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM:
   Introduction to chemical equilibrium, Application to the formation of ammonia and decomposition of calcium carbonate, Calculation of equilibrium constants of some simple reactions, Effect of temperature on equilibrium constant, Gibbs phase rule and its application to one, two and three component systems.
5. THERMODYNAMICS:
   Thermodynamic system and state functions, work and thermal energy, 1st law of thermodynamics, Isothermal and adiabatic changes, Measurement of enthalpy (H), Relation between energy and enthalpy, Temperature dependence of enthalpy, Reversibility and irreversibility, Carnot cycle, Entropy, 2nd law of thermodynamics, Gibb’s free energy and equilibrium constant. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
6. ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY:
   Equivalent and molar conductance and their measurements, Kohlrausch’s law and its application, Determination of degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes (Ostwald’s dilution law), Ionic mobilities and their determination, Transport numbers and their determination (Hittorf and moving boundary methods), Measurment of e.m.f. of cells, Theories of indicators, pH of a solution and its determination by buffer solutions and indicators.  

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. G. Nabi, M. N. Akhtar and B.A Khokhar, “Physical Chemistry for B.Sc Students” Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
2. R. A., Albert, J. S. Robert and G. B Moungi. “Physical Chemistry”.4th ed., John Wiley and Sons (2004).
3. P. W. Atkins, “Physical Chemistry” 6th ed., W.H. Freeman and Co. New York (1998).
4. G. M. Barrow “Physical Chemistry” 5th ed., McGraw Hill (1992).
5. R. S. Berry, A.R. Stuart and J. Roses “Physical and Chemical Kinetics” 2nd ed., Oxford University Press (2000).
6. J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy “Modern Electrochemistry” Vol-I and II, 4th ed. Plenum Press, London (2003).
7. S. E Brain. “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 4th ed., E.L.B.S. Publishers (1990).
8. P. A. Peter “Chemical Thermodynamics” Oxford University Press (1983).

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3rd Year - Practicals - (Marsk: 15) ( Two-days duration)

1. Determination of composition of liquid mixture by surface tension measurement.
2. Determination of composition of liquid mixture by viscosity measurement.
3. Heat of solution and neutralization.
4. Refractive index measurement.
5. Preparation of Colloidal solution and determination of precipitation value.
6. Determination of transition temperature by thermometric or dilatometric method.
7. Determination of order of a reaction.
8. Quantitative analysis: Mixture of four radical excluding insoluble and interfering radicals using semi-micro techniques.
9. Preparation of:
   1. Lead Chromate
   2. Ferrous sulphate from Kipp’s residue.
   3. Potash Alum.
   4. Microcosmic salt

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4th Year - Paper C - Organic Chemistry - (Marks: 30)

1. CLASSIFICATION
   Fundamental principles and nomenclature of organic compounds (IUPAC System).
   1.1:   Types of Organic Reactions:
   Polar radical, four centre type and fragmentation reactions.
   1.2:    Isomerism:
   Structural and stero-isomerism, optical activity, configuration, enantiomers, optical activity in compounds containing up to two asymmetric carbon atoms, diastero-isomers, racemization, resolution and racemic mixtures, geometrical isomerism, identification of cis and trans-isomers and comparision of their stability.
   1.3:    Chemistry of Functional Groups:
   Hydrocarbons: Introduction to the structural aspects of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Physical characteristics of first 10 members of each series, Preparation of alkanes by reduction of C=C, C=O, C=S, C=X, linkages and decarboxylation of carboxylic acids.
   Preparation of alkenes by elimination reactions E1 and E2 reaction, witting reaction, wurtz reaction, Core-House reaction, reduction of alkyl halides, pyrolysis of xanthates esters and pyrolysis of amine oxides.
   Preparation of alkynes by de-hydrohalogenation and dehalogenation reactions.
2. REACTIONS OF:
   1. Alkanes and cyclo alkanes: Halogenation, nitration, combustion. The concept of bond energies, conformational analysis of butane, structure and conformational analysis of cyclohexane.
   2. Alkenes; Hydrogenation and heats of hydrogenation, electrophilic addition reaction and orientation of addition, oxidation and ozonation reactions.
   3. Alkynes; Comparision of the reactivity of C_C and C=C, acidity of acetylenic hydrogen, addition reaction reaction of alkynes.
3. AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
   Sources, Physical characteristics, structure of benzene and the concepts of aromaticity; Huckel rule, electrophilic substitution reactions, orientation and reactivity, applications in synthesis, oxidation of side chain of aromatics hydrocarbons, elementary treatment of aromaticity, Pyridine and comparision of its reactivity with that of benzene. A brief introduction of the chemistry of naphthalene and anthracene.
4. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS:
   Types of Carbonyl Compounds: Nature of carbonyl group, electronic and other effects on C=O reactivity, preparation of aldehydes and ketones, oxidation of alcohols and Grignard reactions, Fridal Craft’s acylation, hydration of alkynes, pinacol-pinacol rearrangements.
   Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative methods, Grignard reagent, nitrile synthesis.
   Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Reactivity of carbonyl groups, addition reactions, oxidation reactions, reduction reactions, Aldol and Cannizaro’s reactions.
   Reactions of Carboxylic acids: Strength of carboxylic acids, electronic, steric and hydrogen bonding effects on the strength of acids, formation, hydrolysis and saponification of esters, formation of acid halides, anhydrides, amides and their uses in organic synthesis, Malonic and acetoacetic ester; Preparation and their important synthetic applications.
5. CHEMISTRY OF HYDROXYL GROUP:
   Nature of the hydroxyl group, alcohol, phenols and carboxylic acids, acidity of phenols and effects of substituents, physical characteristics of alcohol and phenols.
   Preparation of Alcohols:
   Preparation of alcohols by hydration and hydroboration of alkenes, reduction of carbonyl compounds.
   Preparation of Phenols:
   Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene, diazo reactions and oxidative procedures.
   Reactions:
   Reactions involving breaking of O-H and C-O bond, reactions of the aromatic nucleus.
6. ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
   Types of simple nitrogen compounds, amines, nitro compounds, nitrils, amides, N-heterocyclics (Pyrrol and pyridine). Classification and physical characteristics of amines, preparation of mines by alkylation of ammonia, Gabriel synthesis, reduction of nitrils, nitro compounds and amides, reactions of amines, basicity of amines, acylation, alkylation, diazo reactions and halogenation.
7. DIAZONIUM COMPOUNDS
   Preparation, Structure, reactions and applications in synthesis.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. M.Younas and A.Rahman, “A Text book of Organic Chemistry for B.Sc Students” Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
2. R. O.C. and Coxon, J. M., “Principles of Organic Synthesis”, Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham.
3. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
4. Sykes, P., “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”, Longman, London.
5. March, J., “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
6. Loudon, G. M., “Organic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, New York.
7. Carey, F. A., “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill, New York.
8. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N., “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
9. Solomons, T. W. G. and Fryhle, C. B., “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
10. Pine, S. H., “Organic Chemistry”, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
11. Bruckner, R., “Advanced Organic Chemistry-Reaction Mechanisms”, Harcourt Science & Technology Company, New York.
12. Ege, S., “Organic Chemistry”, A.I.T.B.S. Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.

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4th Year - Paper D - Inorganic Chemistry - (Marks: 30)

1. HYDROGEN
   Position of hydrogen in the periodic table, isotopes, orthp and para hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, hydrides; their classification, preparation and properties.
2. ACID AND BASES:
   Modern concepts of acids and bases including treatment of soft and hard acid bases concept.
3. ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS
   General characteristics based on electronic configuration, diagonal relationship.
4. BORON AND ALUMINIUM
   General characteristics of the group, diagonal relationship, electron deficient molecules, borates, boron trihalides, borides, LiAlH4.
5. CARBON AND SILICON:
   General characteristics of the group, diagonal relationship, carbides, silicates their structure and industrial applications.
6. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS:
   Characteristics of the group, fixation of nitrogen with reference to recent developments, oxyacids of nitrogen and phosphorus, halides of phosphorus.
7. OXYGEN AND SULPHUR
   General characteristics of the group, oxyacids, peracids and thionic acids of sulphur.
8. HALOGENS
   General characteristics of the group, Chemistry of fluorine, Real halogens and pseudo-halogens (Chemistry and structure), disproportionation reactions of halogen.
9. ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS:
   General characteristics of the group, Chemistry of the group with reference to xenon and its compounds, bonding and structure of the xenon compounds.
10. TRANSITION METALS:
    General characteristics of the group based on the electronic configuration of the elements, complex compounds, nature of coordinate bond, historical development, application of valence bond, molecular orbital and crystal field theories to explain the structure of the complex compounds, elementary treatment of isomerism in complex compounds.
11. ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS
    General characteristics of the group.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1.         M. Z. Iqbal, “Inorganic Chemistry for B.Sc Students”, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
2.         D. F. Shriver, P. W. Atkins, and C. H. Langford, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 1994.
3.         F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, and P. L. Gaus, “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”, 3rd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1995.
4.         E. M. Larsen, “Transition Elements”, W. A. Benjamin Inc., 1995.
5.         K. F. Purcell, and J.C. Kotz, “An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry” W.B. Saunders Company Holt-Saunders Internal editions, 1980.

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4th Year - Practicals - (Marks: 15) - ( Two-days Duration)             

1. Identification of organic compounds containing only one functional group with special emphasis on compounds, contaninig the following groups;
   COOH, -OH, C=O, NH2. Identification must be substantiated by the preparation of a derivative (at least 10 compounds).
2. (a): Basic techniques for the preparation of organic compounds.
   i.          Recrystallization.
   ii.         Filtration.
   iii.        Fractional distillation.
   iv.        Steam distillation.
   v.         Solvent Extraction.
   vi.        Sublimation.
    
   (b): Preparations:
   i.          Halogination; P-bromoacetanilide or tribromophenol.
   ii.         Substitution; n-butyl bromide or tetra-butyl chloride.
   iii.        Nitration; nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene.
   iv.        Reduction of nitrobenzene, aniline.
   v.         Acetylation, acetanilide/aspirin.
   vi.        Esterification. Ethyl benzoate.
   vii.       Oxidation of side chain, benzoic acid.
    
3. Separation of cations such as cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc etc by paper chromatography.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. J. Bassette, C. Denney, G. H. Jeffery and J. Mendham, “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis” English Language Book Society. 4th ed. (1978 and 1981).
2. F. Daniel, “Experimental Physical Chemistry” McGraw Hill (1962).
3. P. David, “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5th ed. (1989).
4. M. Jaffar, “Experimental Physical Chemistry” University Grants Commission (1989).

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